Evidence Act to BSA converter
Type an IEA or BSA section number to see where it went. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 on 1 July 2024.
Try:193 rows
| BSA section | IEA section | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| 1Short title, application and commencement. | 1 | Short title, application and commencement. |
| 2Definitions. | IEA 3 Interpretation clause | Definitions. |
| 2(1)(a)"Court". | 3, para 1 | "Court". |
| 2(1)(b)"conclusive proof". | 4, para 3 | "conclusive proof". |
| 2(1)(c)"disproved". | 3, para 8 | "disproved". |
| 2(1)(d)"document". | 3, para 5 | "document". |
| 2(1)(e)"evidence". | 3, para 6 | "evidence". |
| 2(1)(f)"fact". | 3, para 2 | "fact". |
| 2(1)(g)"facts in issue". | 3, para 4 | "facts in issue". |
| 2(1)(h)"may presume". | 4, para 1 | "may presume". |
| 2(1)(i)"not proved". | 3, para 9 | "not proved". |
| 2(1)(j)"proved". | 3, para 7 | "proved". |
| 2(1)(k)"relevant". | 3, para 3 | "relevant". |
| 2(1)(l)"shall presume". | 4, para 2 | "shall presume". |
| 2(2)Words and expressions. | New | Words and expressions. |
| 3Evidence maybe given of facts in issue and relevant facts. | 5 | Evidence maybe given of facts in issue and relevant facts. |
| 4Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction. | 6 | Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction. |
| 5Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts. | 7 | Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts. |
| 6Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct. | 8 | Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct. |
| 7Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts. | 9 | Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts. |
| 8Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design. | 10 | Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design. |
| 9When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant. | 11 | When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant. |
| 10Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages. | 12 | Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages. |
| 11Facts relevant when right or custom is in question. | 13 | Facts relevant when right or custom is in question. |
| 12Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling. | 14 | Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling. |
| 13Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional. | 15 | Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional. |
| 14Existence of course of business when relevant. | 16 | Existence of course of business when relevant. |
| 15Admission defined. | 17 | Admission defined. |
| 16Admission by party to proceeding or his agent. | 18 | Admission by party to proceeding or his agent. |
| 17Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit. | 19 | Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit. |
| 18Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit. | 20 | Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit. |
| 19Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf. | 21 | Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf. |
| 20When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant. | 22 | When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant. |
| 21Admissions in civil cases when relevant. | 23 | Admissions in civil cases when relevant. |
| 22(1)Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. | 24 | Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding. |
| First proviso to section 22Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. | 28 | Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant. |
| Second proviso to section 22Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. | 29 | Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc. |
| 23(1)Confession to police officer. | 25 | Confession to police officer. |
| 23(2)Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him. | 26 | Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him. |
| Proviso to section 23How much of information received from accused may be proved. | 27 | How much of information received from accused may be proved. |
| 24Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. | 30 | Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence. |
| 25Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. | 31 | Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. |
| 26Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. | 32 | Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant. |
| 27Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated. | 33 | Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated. |
| 28Entries in books of account when relevant. | 34 | Entries in books of account when relevant. |
| 29Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty. | 35 | Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty. |
| 30Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. | 36 | Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans. |
| 31Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. | 37 | Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications. |
| 32Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form. | 38 | Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form. |
| 33What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. | 39 | What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. |
| 34Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. | 40 | Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. |
| 35Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. | 41 | Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction. |
| 36Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section35[41 IEA]. | 42 | Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section35[41 IEA]. |
| 37Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 [40to 42 IEA] when relevant. | 43 | Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 [40to 42 IEA] when relevant. |
| 38Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. | 44 | Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved. |
| 39(1)Opinions of experts. | 45 | Opinions of experts. |
| 39(2)Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence. | 45A | Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence. |
| 40Facts bearing upon opinions of experts. | 46 | Facts bearing upon opinions of experts. |
| 41(1)Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant. | 47 | Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant. |
| 41(2)Opinion as to electronic signature, when relevant. | 47A | Opinion as to electronic signature, when relevant. |
| 42Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant. | 48 | Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant. |
| 43Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. | 49 | Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. |
| 44Opinion on relationship, when relevant. | 50 | Opinion on relationship, when relevant. |
| 45Grounds of opinion, when relevant. | 51 | Grounds of opinion, when relevant. |
| 46In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. | 52 | In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. |
| 47In criminal cases previous good character relevant. | 53 | In criminal cases previous good character relevant. |
| 48Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. | 53A | Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. |
| 49Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. | 54 | Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply. |
| 50Character as affecting damages. | 55 | Character as affecting damages. |
| 51Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. | 56 | Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved. |
| 52Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice. | 57 | Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice. |
| 53Facts admitted need not be proved. | 58 | Facts admitted need not be proved. |
| 54Proof of facts by oral evidence. | 59 | Proof of facts by oral evidence. |
| 55Oral evidence to be direct. | 60 | Oral evidence to be direct. |
| 56Proof of contents of documents. | 61 | Proof of contents of documents. |
| 57Primary evidence. | 62 | Primary evidence. |
| 58Secondary evidence. | 63 | Secondary evidence. |
| 59Proof of documents by primary evidence. | 64 | Proof of documents by primary evidence. |
| 60Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given. | 65 | Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given. |
| 61Electronic or digital record. | New | Electronic or digital record. |
| 62Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. | 65A | Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. |
| 63Admissibility of electronic records. | 65B | Admissibility of electronic records. |
| 64Rules as to notice to produce. | 66 | Rules as to notice to produce. |
| 65Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. | 67 | Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. |
| 66Proof as to electronic signature. | 67A | Proof as to electronic signature. |
| 67Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. | 68 | Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested. |
| 68Proof where no attesting witness found. | 69 | Proof where no attesting witness found. |
| 69Admission of execution by party to attested document. | 70 | Admission of execution by party to attested document. |
| 70Proof when attesting witness denies execution. | 71 | Proof when attesting witness denies execution. |
| 71Proof of document not required by law to be attested. | 72 | Proof of document not required by law to be attested. |
| 72Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. | 73 | Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. |
| 73Proof as to verification of digital signature. | 73A | Proof as to verification of digital signature. |
| 74(1)Public and private documents. | 74 | Public and private documents. |
| 74(2)Public and private documents. | 75 | Public and private documents. |
| 75Certified copies of public documents. | 76 | Certified copies of public documents. |
| 76Proof of documents by production of certified copies. | 77 | Proof of documents by production of certified copies. |
| 77Proof of other official documents. | 78 | Proof of other official documents. |
| 78Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies. | 79 | Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies. |
| 79Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc. | 80 | Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc. |
| 80Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, [private Acts of parliament] and other documents. | 81 | Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, [private Acts of parliament] and other documents. |
| 81Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record. | 81A | Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record. |
| 82Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. | 83 | Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government. |
| 83Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. | 84 | Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions. |
| 84Presumption as to powers-of-attorney. | 85 | Presumption as to powers-of-attorney. |
| 85Presumption as to electronic agreements. | 85A | Presumption as to electronic agreements. |
| 86Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. | 85B | Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures. |
| 87Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates. | 85C | Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates. |
| 88Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. | 86 | Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. |
| 89Presumption as to books, maps and charts. | 87 | Presumption as to books, maps and charts. |
| 90Presumption as to electronic messages. | 88A | Presumption as to electronic messages. |
| 91Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. | 89 | Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced. |
| 92Presumption as to documents thirty years old. | 90 | Presumption as to documents thirty years old. |
| 93Presumption as to electronic records five years old. | 90A | Presumption as to electronic records five years old. |
| 94Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. | 91 | Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. |
| 95Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. | 92 | Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. |
| 96Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. | 93 | Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. |
| 97Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. | 94 | Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. |
| 98Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. | 95 | Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. |
| 99Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. | 96 | Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons. |
| 100Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. | 97 | Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies. |
| 101Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. | 98 | Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. |
| 102Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. | 99 | Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document. |
| 103Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. | 100 | Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills. |
| 104Burden of proof. | 101 | Burden of proof. |
| 105On whom burden of proof lies. | 102 | On whom burden of proof lies. |
| 106Burden of proof as to particular fact. | 103 | Burden of proof as to particular fact. |
| 107Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible. | 104 | Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible. |
| 108Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. | 105 | Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions. |
| 109Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. | 106 | Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge. |
| 110Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. | 107 | Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years. |
| 111Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. | 108 | Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years. |
| 112Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. | 109 | Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent. |
| 113Burden of proof as to ownership. | 110 | Burden of proof as to ownership. |
| 114Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. | 111 | Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence. |
| 115Presumption as to certain offences. | 111A | Presumption as to certain offences. |
| 116Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. | 112 | Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. |
| 117Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. | 113A | Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. |
| 118Presumption as to dowry death. | 113B | Presumption as to dowry death. |
| 119Court may presume existence of certain facts. | 114 | Court may presume existence of certain facts. |
| 120Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape. | 114A | Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape. |
| 121Estoppel. | 115 | Estoppel. |
| 122Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession. | 116 | Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession. |
| 123Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. | 117 | Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee. |
| 124Who may testify. | 118 | Who may testify. |
| 125Witness unable to communicate verbally. | 119 | Witness unable to communicate verbally. |
| 126Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases. | 120 | Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases. |
| 127Judges and Magistrates. | 121 | Judges and Magistrates. |
| 128Communications during marriage. | 122 | Communications during marriage. |
| 129Evidence as to affairs of State. | 123 | Evidence as to affairs of State. |
| 130Official communications. | 124 | Official communications. |
| 131Information as to commission of offences. | 125 | Information as to commission of offences. |
| 132(1) &(2)Professional communications. | 126 | Professional communications. |
| 132(3)Professional communications to apply interpreters, etc". | 127 | Professional communications to apply interpreters, etc". |
| 133Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence. | 128 | Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence. |
| 134Confidential communication with legal advisers. | 129 | Confidential communication with legal advisers. |
| 135Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. | 130 | Production of title-deeds of witness not a party. |
| 136Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. | 131 | Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce. |
| 137Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. | 132 | Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate. |
| 138Accomplice. | 133 | Accomplice. |
| 139Number of witnesses. | 134 | Number of witnesses. |
| 140Order of production and examination of witnesses. | 135 | Order of production and examination of witnesses. |
| 141Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. | 136 | Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. |
| 142Examination of witnesses. | 137 | Examination of witnesses. |
| 143Order of examinations. | 138 | Order of examinations. |
| 144Cross- examination of person called to produce a document. | 139 | Cross- examination of person called to produce a document. |
| 145Witnesses to character. | 140 | Witnesses to character. |
| 146(1)Leading questions. | 141 | Leading questions. |
| 146(2) &(3)When they (leading) must not be asked. | 142 | When they (leading) must not be asked. |
| 146(4)When they (leading) may be asked. | 143 | When they (leading) may be asked. |
| 147Evidence as to matters in writing. | 144 | Evidence as to matters in writing. |
| 148Cross- examination as to previous statements in writing. | 145 | Cross- examination as to previous statements in writing. |
| 149Questions lawful in cross-examination. | 146 | Questions lawful in cross-examination. |
| 150When witness to be compelled to answer. | 147 | When witness to be compelled to answer. |
| 151Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. | 148 | Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer. |
| 152Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. | 149 | Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds. |
| 153Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. | 150 | Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds. |
| 154Indecent and scandalous questions. | 151 | Indecent and scandalous questions. |
| 155Questions intended to insult or annoy. | 152 | Questions intended to insult or annoy. |
| 156Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. | 153 | Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity. |
| 157Question by party to his own witness. | 154 | Question by party to his own witness. |
| 158Impeaching credit of witness. | 155 | Impeaching credit of witness. |
| 159Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. | 156 | Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible. |
| 160Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. | 157 | Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact. |
| 161What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27. [ section 32 or 33]. | 158 | What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27. [ section 32 or 33]. |
| 162Refreshing memory. | 159 | Refreshing memory. |
| 163Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162[159]. | 160 | Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162[159]. |
| 164Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. | 161 | Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory. |
| 165Production of documents. | 162 | Production of documents. |
| 166Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. | 163 | Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. |
| 167Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice. | 164 | Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice. |
| 168Judge's power to put questions or order production. | 165 | Judge's power to put questions or order production. |
| 169No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. | 167 | No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence. |
| 170Repeal and savings. | New | Repeal and savings. |
Source: Correspondence Table and Comparison Summary of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA), Central Academy for Police Training (CAPT), Bhopal — prepared by Anil Kishore Yadav, IPS, Director (PDF hosted on keralaprisons.gov.in).
What changed
From the IEA to the BSA.
- In force since 1 July 2024
- The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Its repeal and savings clause is Section 170.
- Renumbered, not renamed
- 170 sections replace 167. Provisions moved, merged or became sub-sections, so old numbers don't carry over.
- Section-by-section summaries
- Open any BSA section to see the IEA sections it covers and a summary of what changed.
When did the BSA replace the IEA?
The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 came into force on 1 July 2024 and replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. For proceedings pending, or acts done, before that date, see the repeal and savings clause in BSA Section 170.
What is IEA 65B in BSA?
IEA Section 65B (admissibility of electronic records) corresponds to BSA Section 63.
What is IEA 45 in BSA?
IEA Section 45 (opinions of experts) corresponds to BSA Section 39(1).
What is IEA 114 in BSA?
IEA Section 114 (court may presume existence of certain facts) corresponds to BSA Section 119.
How many sections does the BSA have?
The BSA has 170 sections; the IEA had 167. Sections were renumbered, and many were merged or split into sub-sections, so the old numbers no longer line up.
Where does this table come from?
From the Correspondence Table and Comparison Summary of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA), prepared by the Central Academy for Police Training (CAPT), Bhopal — prepared by Anil Kishore Yadav, IPS, Director. Each section page shows that document's comparison summary.
Is this converter free?
Yes. It needs no account, and the whole table is on this page.
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